SIOUX FALLS, S.D. (AP) 鈥� In the time before widespread , death often came early.
ran rampant in America, killing millions of children and leaving others with lifelong health problems. These illnesses were the main reason why nearly one in five children in 1900 never made it to their fifth birthday.
Over the next century, vaccines virtually wiped out long-feared scourges like polio and measles and drastically reduced the toll of many others. Today, however, some preventable, contagious diseases are making a comeback as vaccine hesitancy pushes immunization rates down. And well-established vaccines are facing with Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a , running the federal health department.
鈥淭his concern, this hesitancy, these questions about vaccines are a consequence of the great success of the vaccines 鈥� because they eliminated the diseases,鈥� said Dr. William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e not familiar with the disease, you don鈥檛 respect or even fear it. And therefore you don鈥檛 value the vaccine.鈥�
Anti-vaccine activists even portray the shots as a threat, focusing on the rare risk of side effects while ignoring the far larger risks posed by the diseases themselves 鈥� and years of real-world data that experts say proves the vaccines are safe.
Some Americans know the reality of these preventable diseases all too well. For them, news of measles outbreaks and brings back terrible memories of lives forever changed 鈥� and a longing to spare others from similar pain.
Getting rubella while pregnant shaped two lives
With a mother鈥檚 practiced, guiding hand, 80-year-old Janith Farnham helped steer her 60-year-old daughter鈥檚 walker through a Sioux Falls art center. They stopped at a painting of a cow wearing a hat.
Janith pointed to the hat, then to her daughter Jacque鈥檚 Minnesota Twins cap. Jacque did the same.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 so funny!鈥� Janith said, leaning in close to say the words in sign language too.
Jacque was born with congenital rubella syndrome, which can cause a host of issues including hearing impairment, eye problems, heart defects and intellectual disabilities. There was no vaccine against rubella back then, and Janith contracted the viral illness very early in the pregnancy, when she had of giving birth to a baby with the syndrome.
Janith recalled knowing 鈥渢hings weren鈥檛 right鈥� almost immediately. The baby wouldn鈥檛 respond to sounds or look at anything but lights. She didn鈥檛 like to be held close. Her tiny heart sounded like it purred 鈥� evidence of a problem that required surgery at four months old.
Janith did all she could to help Jacque thrive, sending her to the Colorado School for the Deaf and the Blind and using skills she honed as a special education teacher. She and other parents of children with the syndrome shared insights in a support group.
Meanwhile, the condition kept taking its toll. As a young adult, Jacque developed diabetes, glaucoma and autistic behaviors. Eventually, arthritis set in.
Today, Jacque lives in an adult residential home a short drive from Janith's place. Above her bed is a net overflowing with stuffed animals. On a headboard shelf are photo books Janith created, filled with memories like birthday parties and trips to Mount Rushmore.
Jacque鈥檚 days typically begin with an insulin shot and breakfast before she heads off to a day program. She gets together with her mom four or five days a week. They often hang out at Janith鈥檚 townhome, where Jacque has another bedroom decorated with her own artwork and quilts Janith sewed for her. Jacque loves playing with Janith鈥檚 dog, watching sports on television and looking up things on her iPad.
Janith marvels at Jacque鈥檚 sense of humor, gratefulness, curiosity and affectionate nature despite all she鈥檚 endured. Jacque is generous with kisses and often signs 鈥渄ouble I love yous鈥� to family, friends and new people she meets.
鈥淲hen you live through so much pain and so much difficulty and so much challenge, sometimes I think: Well, she doesn鈥檛 know any different,鈥� Janith said.
Given what her family has been through, Janith believes younger people are being selfish if they choose not to get their children the MMR shot against measles, mumps and rubella.
鈥淚t鈥檚 more than frustrating. I mean, I get angry inside,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 know what can happen, and I just don鈥檛 want anybody else to go through this.鈥�
Delaying the measles vaccine can be deadly
More than half a century has passed, but Patricia Tobin still vividly recalls getting home from work, opening the car door and hearing her mother scream. Inside the house, her little sister Karen lay unconscious on the bathroom floor.
It was 1970, and Karen was 6. She鈥檇 contracted measles shortly after Easter. While an early vaccine was available, it wasn鈥檛 required for school in Miami where they lived. Karen鈥檚 doctor discussed immunizing the first grader, but their mother didn't share his sense of urgency.
鈥淚t's not that she was against it," Tobin said. "She just thought there was time.鈥�
Then came a measles outbreak. Karen 鈥� who Tobin described as a 鈥渧ery endearing, sweet child鈥� who would walk around the house singing 鈥� quickly became very sick. The afternoon she collapsed in the bathroom, Tobin, then 19, called the ambulance. Karen never regained consciousness.
鈥淪he immediately went into a coma and she died of encephalitis,鈥� said Tobin, who stayed at her bedside in the hospital. 鈥淲e never did get to speak to her again.鈥�
Today, all states require that children get certain vaccines to attend school. But are making use of exemptions allowed for medical, religious or philosophical reasons. Vanderbilt鈥檚 Schaffner said fading memories of measles outbreaks were exacerbated by a fraudulent, retracted study claiming a link between the MMR shot and autism.
The result? Most states are below the 鈥� the level needed to protect communities against measles outbreaks.
鈥淚鈥檓 very upset by how cavalier people are being about the measles,鈥� Tobin said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think that they realize how destructive this is.鈥�
Polio changed a life twice
One of Lora Duguay鈥檚 earliest memories is lying in a hospital isolation ward with her feverish, paralyzed body packed in ice. She was three years old.
鈥淚 could only see my parents through a glass window. They were crying and I was screaming my head off,鈥� said Duguay, 68. 鈥淭hey told my parents I would never walk or move again.鈥�
It was 1959 and Duguay, of Clearwater, Florida, had polio. It mostly preyed on children and was one of the most feared diseases in the U.S., experts say, causing some terrified parents to keep children inside and avoid crowds during epidemics.
Given polio's visibility, the vaccine against it was widely and enthusiastically welcomed. But the early vaccine that Duguay got was only about 80% to 90% effective. Not enough people were vaccinated or protected yet to stop the virus from spreading.
Duguay initially defied her doctors. After intensive treatment and physical therapy, she walked and even ran 鈥� albeit with a limp. She got married, raised a son and worked as a medical transcriptionist.
But in her early 40s, she noticed she couldn鈥檛 walk as far as she used to. A doctor confirmed she was in the early stages of post-polio syndrome, a neuromuscular disorder that worsens over time.
One morning, she tried to stand up and couldn鈥檛 move her left leg.
After two weeks in a rehab facility, she started painting to stay busy. Eventually, she joined arts organizations and began showing and selling her work. Art "gives me a sense of purpose,鈥� she said.
These days, she can't hold up her arms long enough to create big oil paintings at an easel. So she pulls her wheelchair up to an electric desk to paint on smaller surfaces like stones and petrified wood.
The disease that changed her life twice is no longer a problem in the U.S. So many children get the vaccine 鈥� which is far more effective than earlier versions 鈥� that it doesn't just protect individuals but it prevents occasional cases that arrive in the U.S. from spreading further. 鈥� " keeps everyone safe by preventing outbreaks that can sicken the vulnerable.
After whooping cough struck, 鈥榮he was gone鈥�
Every night, Katie Van Tornhout rubs a plaster cast of a tiny foot, a vestige of the daughter she lost to whooping cough at just 37 days old.
Callie Grace was born on Christmas Eve 2009 after Van Tornhout and her husband tried five years for a baby. She was six weeks early but healthy.
鈥淪he loved to have her feet rubbed," said the 40-year-old Lakeville, Indiana mom. "She was this perfect baby.鈥�
When Callie turned a month old, she began to cough, prompting a visit to the doctor, who didn鈥檛 suspect anything serious. By the following night, Callie was doing worse. They went back.
In the waiting room, she became blue and limp in Van Tornhout鈥檚 arms. The medical team whisked her away and beat lightly on her back. She took a deep breath and giggled.
Though the giggle was reassuring, the Van Tornhouts went to the ER, where Callie鈥檚 skin turned blue again. For a while, medical treatment helped. But at one point she started squirming, and medical staff frantically tried to save her.
鈥淲ithin minutes,鈥� Van Tornhout said, 鈥渟he was gone.鈥�
Van Tornhout recalled sitting with her husband and their lifeless baby for four hours, "just talking to her, thinking about what could have been.鈥�
Callie鈥檚 viewing was held on her original due date 鈥� the same day the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention called to confirm she had pertussis, or whooping cough. She was too young for the Tdap vaccine against it and was exposed to someone who hadn鈥檛 gotten their booster shot.
Today, next to the cast of Callie鈥檚 foot is an urn with her ashes and a glass curio cabinet filled with mementos like baby shoes.
鈥淢y kids to this day will still look up and say, 鈥楬ey Callie, how are you?鈥欌�� said Van Tornhout, who has four children and a stepson. 鈥淪he鈥檚 part of all of us every day.鈥�
Van Tornhout now advocates for childhood immunization through the nonprofit Vaccinate Your Family. She also shares her story with people she meets, like a pregnant customer who came into the restaurant her family ran saying she didn鈥檛 want to immunize her baby. She later returned with her vaccinated four-month-old.
鈥淚t鈥檚 up to us as adults to protect our children 鈥� like, that鈥檚 what a parent鈥檚 job is,鈥� Van Tornhout said. 鈥淚 watched my daughter die from something that was preventable 鈥� You don鈥檛 want to walk in my shoes.鈥�
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Department of Science Education and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Laura Ungar, The Associated Press
