WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� For many experts, 鈥檚 promise for 鈥減ulling back the curtain鈥� to find autism's causes in a few months is jarring 鈥� and unrealistic.
That鈥檚 because it appears to ignore decades of science linking about 200 genes that play a role 鈥� and the quest to understand differences inside the brain that can be present at birth.
鈥淰irtually all the evidence in the field suggests whatever the causes of autism 鈥� and there鈥檚 going to be multiple causes, it鈥檚 not going to be a single cause 鈥� they all affect how the fetal brain develops,鈥� said longtime autism researcher David Amaral of the UC Davis MIND Institute.
鈥淓ven though we may not see the behaviors associated with autism until a child is 2 or 3 years old, the biological changes have already taken place,鈥� he said.
Kennedy on Wednesday announced the National Institutes of Health 鈥渢o uncover the root causes of autism and other chronic diseases鈥� by merging Medicaid and Medicare insurance claims with electronic medical records and other data. He has cited as evidence of an epidemic of a 鈥減reventable disease鈥� caused by some sort of environmental exposure and 鈥渟ome of the answers by September.鈥�
What is autism?
Autism isn鈥檛 considered a disease. It's a complex brain disorder better known as autism spectrum disorder, to reflect that it affects different people in different ways.
Symptoms vary widely. For some people, profound autism means being nonverbal and having significant intellectual disabilities. Others have far milder effects, such as difficulty with social and emotional skills.
Autism rates are rising 鈥� not among profound cases but milder ones, said autism expert Helen Tager-Flusberg of Boston University.
That's because doctors gradually learned that milder symptoms were part of autism鈥檚 spectrum, leading to changes in the late 1990s and early 2000s in diagnosis guidelines and qualifications for educational services, she said.
What鈥檚 the state of autism research?
The link between genes and autism dates back to studies of twins decades ago. Some are rare genetic variants passed from parent to child, even if the parent shows no signs of autism.
But that's not the only kind. As the brain develops, rapidly dividing cells make mistakes that can lead to mutations in only one type of cell or one part of the brain, Amaral explained.
Noninvasive testing can spot differences in brain activity patterns in babies who won't be diagnosed with autism until far later, when symptoms become apparent, he said.
Those kinds of changes stem from alterations in brain structure or its neural circuitry 鈥� and understanding them requires studying brain tissue that鈥檚 available only after death, said Amaral, who鈥檚 the scientific director of a brain banking collaborative called The bank, funded by the nonprofit Simons Foundation, has collected more than 400 donated brains, about half from people with autism and the rest for comparison.
What about environmental effects?
Researchers have identified other factors that can interact with genetic vulnerability to increase the risk of autism. They include the age of a child鈥檚 father, whether the mother had certain health problems during pregnancy including diabetes, use of certain medications during pregnancy, and preterm birth.
Any concern that measles vaccinations has been long debunked, stressed Tager-Flusberg, who leads a new Coalition of Autism Scientists pushing back on administration misstatements about the condition.
What about Kennedy鈥檚 database plan?
The U.S., with its fragmented health care system, will never have the kind of detailed medical tracking available in countries like Denmark and Norway 鈥� places with national health systems where research shows similar rises in autism diagnoses and no environmental smoking gun.
Experts say Kennedy's planned database isn't appropriate to uncover autism's causes in part because there's no information about genetics.
But researchers have long used insurance claims and similar data to study other important questions, such as access to autism services. And the NIH described the upcoming database as useful for studies focusing on access to care, treatment effectiveness and other trends.
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Science and Educational Media Group and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Lauran Neergaard, The Associated Press
